The Compability of The European Union’s Red II with WTO Principles: A Legal Study on Restrictive Effects on Indonesian Palm Oil Biofuel Exports

Abstract

This research examines the EU’s justification for implementing RED II under GATT 1994 and the Indonesia goverment’s efforts to minimize its impact. Date were drawn from GATT 1994, TBT, books, journals, articles, websites anf interviews, using literature review, interviews anf identification methods. The result show: (1) the EU justifies RED II through living-thing protection, deforestation c oncerns and high ILUC risk; (2) impacts include reduced palm oil export quotas, declining income for smallholders and companies and strained Indonesia–EU relations; (3) Indonesia’s advocacy involves strengthening RSPO certification and diversifying export markets.